RUB1 Proteine

Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation\; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation\; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification\; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome\; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, and DNA- damage responses. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity). NEDD8-like protein RUB1: Appears to function as a stable post-translational protein modifier. An AMP-RUB1 intermediate is formed by an activating enzyme, distinct from the ubiquitin activating enzyme E1, which is composed of an heterodimer AXR1/ECR1. Auxin response is mediated, at least in part, through modification of the cullin AtCUL1 by the attachment of RUB1 to 'Lys-692'.